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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00224_Field_frep112.txt
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1996-12-30
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Before I describe the results,
I should explain that a long
history of research in
psychology and of observations
in clinical neurology prompted
this experiment. Psychologists
had experimented extensively
with visual deprivation in
animals in the 1940s and 1950s,
using behavioral methods to
assess the effects. A typical
experiment was to bring
animals up from birth in
complete darkness. When the
animals were brought out into
the light, they turned out to be
blind or at least very defective
visually. The blindness was to
some extent reversible, but
only slowly and not in most
cases completely.
Paralleling these
experiments were clinical
observations on children born
with cataracts. A cataract is a
condition in which the lens of
the eye becomes milky,
transmitting light but no longer
permitting an image to form on
the retina. Cataracts in
newborns, like those in adults,
are treated by removing the
lenses surgically and
compensating by fitting the
child with an artificial lens
implant or with thick glasses.
In that way, a perfectly focused
retinal image can be restored.
Although the operation is
relatively easy,
ophthalmologists have been
loath to do it in very young
infants or babies, mainly
because any operation at a very
early age carries more risk
statistically, although the risk
is small. When cataracts were
removed, say at an age of eight
years, and glasses fitted, the
results were bitterly
disappointing. Eyesight was not
restored at all: the child was
blind as ever, and profound
deficits persisted even after
months or years of attempts to
learn to see. A child would, for
example, continue to be unable
to tell a circle from a triangle.
With hopes thus raised and
dashed, the child was generally
worse off, not better. We can
contrast this with clinical
experience in adults: a man of
seventy-five develops cataracts
and gradually loses sight in
both eyes. After three years of
blindness the cataracts are
removed, glasses fitted, and
vision is completely restored.
The vision can even be better
than it was before the cataracts
developed, because all lenses
yellow with age, and their
removal results in a sky of
marvelous blue seen otherwise
only by children and young
adults.
It would seem that visual
deprivation in children has
adverse effects of a sort that do
not occur at all in adults.
Psychologists commonly and
quite reasonably attributed the
results of their experiments, as
well as the clinical results, to a
failure of the child to learn to
see or, presumably the
equivalent, to a failure of
connections to develop for want
of some kind of training
experience.